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The Meidum pyramid was the first to have an above-ground burial chamber. Sneferu abandoned it after the outside casing fell off of the pyramid. The first is called the Meidum Pyramid, named for its location in Egypt. Sneferu commissioned the building of not one, but three pyramids. After Djoser, Pharaoh Sneferu was the next great pyramid builder. The Old Kingdom and its royal power reached a zenith under the Fourth Dynasty (2613–2494 BC), which began with Sneferu (2613–2589 BC). The Great Sphinx of Giza in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Old Kingdom is perhaps best known for a large number of pyramids constructed at this time as burial places for Egypt's kings.
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King Djoser's architect, Imhotep, is credited with the development of building with stone and with the conception of the new architectural form, the step pyramid. A new era of building was initiated at Saqqara under his reign. Under King Djoser, the first king of the Third Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, the royal capital of Egypt was moved to Memphis, where Djoser established his court. During the Old Kingdom, the King of Egypt (not called the Pharaoh until the New Kingdom) became a living god who ruled absolutely and could demand the services and wealth of his subjects. While the Old Kingdom was a period of internal security and prosperity, it was followed by a period of disunity and relative cultural decline referred to by Egyptologists as the First Intermediate Period. Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom as a continuation of the administration, centralized at Memphis. Information from the Fourth to the Sixth Dynasties of Egypt is scarce, and historians regard the history of the era as literally "written in stone" and largely architectural in that it is through the monuments and their inscriptions that scholars have been able to construct a history. The Old Kingdom is most commonly regarded as the period from the Third Dynasty to the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC). The basic justification for a separation between the two periods is the revolutionary change in architecture accompanied by the effects on Egyptian society and the economy of large-scale building projects. Not only was the last king of the Early Dynastic Period related to the first two kings of the Old Kingdom, but the "capital", the royal residence, remained at In-Hedge, the Ancient Egyptian name for Memphis. The concept of an "Old Kingdom" as one of three "golden ages" was coined in 1845 by the German Egyptologist Baron von Bunsen, and its definition would evolve significantly throughout the 19th and the 20th centuries. Egypt attained its first sustained peak of civilization during the Old Kingdom, the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods (followed by the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom), which mark the high points of civilization in the lower Nile Valley. It is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or the "Age of the Pyramid Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth Dynasty, such as King Sneferu, who perfected the art of pyramid-building, and the kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, who constructed the pyramids at Giza. NEW self-editing and peer editing worksheets motivate students to revise.In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. NEW journal writing activities help students build literacy. NEW Try It Out! exercises give students opportunities to assess mastery of new skills. Numerous models and varied practice support students at all stages of writing.
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Clear, succinct explanations help students to understand and apply key conepts and rules. First Steps leads students to build strong academic writing skills that will last them throughout their writing careers.įeatures: A step-by-step approach guides students seamlessly through the writing process. The text's time-proven approach integrates paragraph organization, sentence structure, grammar, mechanics, and the writing process. The second edition of First Steps in Academic Writing, by Ann Hogue, provides high-beginning to low-intermediate students with essential tools to master basic academic writing. First Steps leads students to build strong academic writing skills
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